Europe 461: Execution of Majorian

Political map of Europe & the Mediterranean on 7 Aug 461 (Fall of the Western Roman Empire: Execution of Majorian), showing the following events: Majorian–Gaiseric treaty; Majorian’s Alan campaign; Arrest of Majorian; Execution of Majorian.

The destruction of the Western Roman fleet at Elche (May 460) ended Majorian’s hopes of recovering Africa and convinced the emperor to negotiate peace with the Vandals. This failure angered the Senate, persuading the powerful general Ricimer to have Majorian deposed and executed when he returned to Italy the following year.

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Main Events

460 Majorian–Gaiseric treaty

After learning of the destruction of his fleet at Elche in early 460, the Western Roman emperor Majorian realized that any hope of invading Vandal Africa had been lost. Instead, he opened up negotiations with the Vandal king Gaiseric and eventually agreed to what many Eastern and Western Roman officials regarded as “shameful terms”. What exactly these terms were is no longer known, but it is possible that Majorian acknowledged Vandal gains in the Mediterranean in return for the resumption of the African grain supply to Rome. This treaty may also have been behind the return of Eudoxia and Placidia, Valentinian III’s wife and daughter, from Vandal captivity in 462, perhaps in return for Majorian’s formal recognition of the marriage of Valentinian’s other daughter Eudocia to Gaiseric’s son Huneric. in wikipedia

461 Majorian’s Alan campaign

After making peace with the Vandals in late 460, the Western Roman emperor Majorian returned to Gaul. Here, according to one source (Jordanes), he moved against the Alans “who were harassing Gaul”. Upon finishing his campaigns, he dismissed his barbarian mercenaries, then traveled on to Italy with only his personal troops. in wikipedia

2 Aug 461 Arrest of Majorian

In late July 461, accompanied only by his own personal troops, the Western Roman emperor Majorian crossed from Gaul into Italy, intending to carry out further political reforms. However, by now many among the Senate had turned against him, angered that they had spent so much of their wealth on his Vandal campaign only for it to come to nothing. As the emperor entered Dertona (Tortona), he was arrested by his former ally Ricimer, stripped of his purple robe and diadem, and deposed. in wikipedia

7 Aug 461 Execution of Majorian

In August 461, after returning to Italy, the Western Roman emperor Majorian was arrested and deposed at Dertona (Tortona) by the magister militum Ricimer, backed by a powerful faction in the Senate. For five days, Ricimer tortured his former ally, then had him decapitated on the banks of the river Ira (Scrivia). Following this there was an interregnum in the Western Empire, until Ricimer’s elevation of Libius Severus in November. in wikipedia