Europe 1863: Schleswig-Holstein Question

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Political map of Europe & the Mediterranean on 24 Dec 1863 (German Unification: Schleswig-Holstein Question), showing the following events: Anglo-French arrival in Veracruz; Bismarck Cabinet; Alvensleben Convention; November Constitution; Saxony and Hanover occupy Holstein.

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Schleswig and Holstein were two largely German duchies which had long been ruled by Denmark. In 1863 the Danes revised their constitution to tie Schleswig more closely to Denmark—outraging German nationalists across Europe, who wanted the two duchies free from foreign rule. Supporting the nationalist cause, the small German states of Hanover and Saxony responded by occupying Holstein on behalf of the German Confederation.

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This map has in-depth notes in the Journal, exclusive to Patrons on Classical Tier and above. Find them in the events descriptions, marked with the Journal icon .

Main Events

4–8 Jan 1862 Anglo-French arrival in Veracruz ▲

In early January 1862 a British expeditionary force of some 700 marines landed at Veracruz, joining the allied Spanish occupation force that had taken control of the port city in December. A few days later the French also arrived, bringing an additional 3,500 French troops and 4,000 Belgians, all under the command of General Charles de Lorencez. After proclaiming that the allied force was not a conquering army and was only there to resolve Mexico’s outstanding debts, Spanish general Juan Prim opened up negotiations with the Mexican government, which agreed to a conference at Orizaba. in wikipedia

23 Sep 1862 Bismarck Cabinet ▲

In 1862 the increasingly liberal Prussian Landtag (Parliament) refused to authorize funding for a reorganization of the army, starting a constitutional crisis with the new king William I. In response, William reluctantly appointed the ambitious politician Otto von Bismarck as Minister President (Prime Minister) and Foreign Minister in September. After using a legal loophole to get past the funding crisis, Bismarck would proceed to crack down on liberalism the following year, initiating a strong 27-year administration that would see the creation and consolidation of the German Empire under Prussian hegemony. in wikipedia

8 Feb 1863 Alvensleben Convention ▲

In January 1863 a major uprising broke out against Russian rule in Congress Poland, persuading neighboring Prussia to immediately close its border and mobilize the army in case a similar revolt broke out among the Poles in its eastern provinces. Early the following month the two powers signed the Alvensleben Convention, agreeing on the right of each of their military forces to cross the border in pursuit of Polish rebels and to extradite captured Polish revolutionaries to Russian military courts. Although ultimately the convention was never implemented—the Polish uprising never spread to Prussia—it improved Russo-Prussian relations and helped convince Russia to remain neutral during the Austro-Prussian and Franco-Prussian wars. in wikipedia

18 Nov 1863 November Constitution ▲

On 15 November 1863 King Frederick VII of Denmark died and was succeeded, following the terms of the London Protocol of 1852, by Prince Christian of Glücksburg, who became Christian IX of Denmark. The new king was immediately presented with a newly completed constitution—the so-called “November Constitution”—which created a joint parliament for Denmark and Schleswig and guaranteed the succession of his heirs to the thrones of Denmark, Schleswig, and Holstein. Bowing to the wishes of his Danish subjects, Christian signed the constitution, even though he was aware that it violated the London Protocol by altering the status quo in Schleswig-Holstein. in wikipedia

23–24 Dec 1863 Bundesexekution against Holstein ▲

When Christian IX of Denmark signed the November Constitution in November 1863, he violated the London Protocol of 1852, provoking the states of the German Confederation to rally behind Frederick, Duke of Augustenburg, who had renounced his rights to Schleswig-Holstein at London but now renewed his claims in response to Danish actions. At the end of the month the German Diet dismissed the Danish delegate for the duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg and in December Saxon and Hanoverian troops marched into Holstein on behalf of the Confederation. Having secured the duchy, the Germans put Frederick in place as duke. in wikipedia

1860s 1863 December December 24 Denmark European history France German Unification Hanover Holstein maps Napoleon III Poland Prussia Russia Saxony Schleswig United Kingdom

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