Europe 1849: Restoring the Old Order

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Political map of Europe & the Mediterranean on 28 Aug 1849 (Springtime of Peoples: Restoring the Old Order), showing the following events: Fall of Buda; Fall of Rastatt; Garibaldi’s refuge in San Marino; Treaty of Milan; Surrender at Világos; End of Republic of San Marco.

late  6AD
Sep  9AD
16AD
18AD
26AD
36AD
23 Jan 41AD
Aug 43AD
47AD
sum 49AD
early 54AD
sum 59AD
60/61AD
fall 62AD
Oct 66AD
7 Jun 68AD
14 Jan 69AD
14 Apr 69AD
15 Jul 69AD
24 Oct 69AD
16 Dec 69AD
14 Apr 70AD
15 Apr 74AD
24 Oct 79AD
sum 84AD
sum 88AD
18 Sep 96AD
sum  102
8 Aug  106
sum  107
fall  113
fall  114
14 Oct  115
Sep  116
10 Aug  117
sum  122
late  132
spr  142
fall  161
spr  166
Aug  170
3 May  175
16 Mar  180
30 Dec  192
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19 Feb  197
28 Jan  198
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sum  210
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8 Jun  218
28 Apr  224
6 Apr  227
fall  232
fall  235
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late  258
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11 Sep  260
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early  287
1 Mar  293
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c. 302
1 May  305
28 Oct  306
fall  307
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18 Sep  324
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late  332
sum  336
9 Sep  337
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sum  346
18 Jan  350
3 Jun  350
28 Sep  351
3 Jul  353
11 Aug  355
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11 Jul  363
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27 Aug  369
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9 Aug  378
19 Jan  379
3 Oct  382
25 Aug  383
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19 Oct  439
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fall  447
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15 Jan 2024

The French capture of Rome effectively brought an end to the revolution in Italy, allowing Austria to reassert its traditional dominance in the north in August. At the same time, Russian intervention helped Austria crush the Hungarian rebellion while Prussia stamped out the last remnants of republicanism in Germany.

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This map has in-depth notes in the Journal, exclusive to Patrons on Classical Tier and above. Find them in the events descriptions, marked with the Journal icon .

Main Events

18 Jul 1849 Fall of Buda ▲

With the support of the Russians, the Austrians forced the western Hungarian army into the fortress of Komárom on 11 July 1849, opening the road to Buda, capital of secessionist Hungary. That same day Russian Cossacks reached the vicinity of Pest and the Austrian advance guard began its march eastwards. One week later some 60,000 Austrian Imperial troops led by Field Marshal Julius Jacob von Haynau formally took possession of Buda. in wikipedia

23 Jul 1849 Fall of Rastatt ▲

In response to the May Uprising in Baden in 1849, Prussian troops under the leadership of Prince Wilhelm—later Wilhelm I of Germany—set out to crush the secessionist Republic of Baden. When Lorenzo Brentano, provisional president of Baden, hesitated to respond, he was overthrown by hardliners under Gustav Struve and Polish revolutionary Ludwik Mieroslawski. Nonetheless, Prussian forces prevailed, capturing the revolutionary center of Rastatt—at the time containing one of the strongest fortresses in Germany—and bringing an end to the short-lived republic. in wikipedia

31 Jul 1849 Garibaldi’s refuge in San Marino ▲

After marching across central Italy—and avoiding French, Spanish, and Austrian patrols on the way—Giuseppe Garibaldi and his remaining 250 followers took refuge in the Republic of San Marino at the end of July 1849. His wife Anita, pregnant to their fifth child, had died near Comacchio during the retreat. Garibaldi would spend the next few years in exile—traveling to New York, Central America, Peru, and various points around the Pacific—before returning to Italy in 1854. in wikipedia

6 Aug 1849 Treaty of Milan ▲

In early August 1849 the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Austrian Empire signed the Peace Treaty of Milan, concluding the First Italian War of Independence. By the terms of the treaty, Sardinia renounced its claims to external territories and paid Austria an indemnity of 75 million francs. in wikipedia

13 Aug 1849 Surrender at Világos ▲

In August 1849 Hungarian General Artúr Görgei surrendered at Világos, Kingdom of Hungary, to Count Theodor von Rüdiger of the Russian Empire, formally ending the Hungarian Revolution. Despite Russian pleas for clemency, Austria enforced harsh reprisals against the Hungarian rebels, sentencing hundreds of soldiers and civilians to death and imprisoning many more. in wikipedia

27 Aug 1849 End of Republic of San Marco ▲

In May 1849 Austrian forces under Field Marshal Joseph Radetzky began their attack on the secessionist Republic of San Marco in Venice, which had vowed to fight on despite the defeat of Italian forces at Novara. After months of bombardment and with famine and cholera rampant in the city, the Venetian assembly finally gave President Daniele Manin authority to seek terms, which were agreed to on 22 August. Five days later, Radetzky marched his troops into Venice, accepting the complete surrender of the republic to the Austrian Empire. in wikipedia

1840s 1849 August August 28 Austria Austrians Baden European history France Germany Hungary Italy Lombardy maps Piedmont-Sardinia Prussia Russia San Marino Spain Venice Year of Revolutions

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