Australasia 1976: Indonesian invasion of East Timor

In 1974 Portugal's staunchly colonialist dictatorship was overthrown, encouraging the Portuguese colony on Timor to declare independence as East Timor. Indonesia immediately claimed and invaded the new country, but took three years of fighting to complete the conquest. Low-level East Timorese resistance would continue until the Indonesians finally withdrew in 1999.

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Main Events

1 Jan 1973 First Enlargement of the European Communities ▲

After a change in the French Presidency from Charles de Gaulle to Georges Pompidou in 1969, the European Communities became open to enlargement and proceeded to negotiate accession treaties with Denmark, Ireland, Norway, and the United Kingdom. On 22 January 1972 the UK, under Conservative Prime Minister Edward Heath, signed the accession treaty outright, while the other three nations held referendums, with the Irish voting 83.1% in favor, the Norwegians only 46.5%, and the Danes 63.3%. As a result, Denmark, Ireland, and the UK, but not Norway, became formal members of the EC on 1 January 1973. in wikipedia

25 Apr 1974 Carnation Revolution ▲

The left-wing Armed Forces Movement undertook a military coup in Lisbon, Portugal, to overthrow the dictatorial regime of the Estado Novo under Marcelo Caetano. The bloodless success of the coup was greeted by widespread popular support and civil resistance against the remnants of the old regime. The revolution led to free elections one year later, and the Portuguese withdrawal from most of their colonies. in wikipedia

1 Sep 1975–9 Aug 1976 Republic of the North Solomons ▲

Just days before the scheduled independence of Papua New Guinea (PNG) from Australia, activists in the North Solomons (now the Autonomous Region of Bougainville), proclaimed their secession as the independent Republic of the North Solomons. A delegation left for the United Nations seeking recognition of the new state, but was rebuffed. After initial passivity, the government of PNG despatched a police squad to Bougainville to restore order in mid-1976, leading to talks between the two sides. An agreement was soon reached in which the republic became North Solomons Province but retained many powers of self-governance. in wikipedia

16 Sep 1975 Independence of Papua New Guinea ▲

The Territory of Papua New Guinea was granted independence by the Commonwealth of Australia, becoming the independent state of Papua New Guinea with Chief Minister Michael Somare as Prime Minister. The country joined the United Nations on 10 October 1975. in wikipedia

28 Nov 1975 End of Portuguese rule in Timor ▲

After winning elections in July 1975 and defeating a pro-Indonesian coup attempt in August, the Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (FRETILIN) unilaterally declared the independence of East Timor from Portugal. The Portuguese, whose new liberal government had scheduled Timor’s independence for 1978, had already fled Dili in response to the August violence. in wikipedia

7 Dec 1975–31 Dec 1978 Indonesian invasion of East Timor ▲

In Operasi Seroja (Operation Lotus), the Indonesian navy bombarded Dili, capital of newly independent East Timor, followed by the simultaneous landing of Indonesian seaborne troops and paratroopers. Further assaults captured Bacau on 10 December and Liquisa and Maubara on Christmas Day. However, East Timorese troops held out in the interior until 1978, and sporadic guerrilla warfare would continue into the 1990s. in wikipedia