Europe, 23 Jan 41 AD: Reign of Caligula
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Political map of Europe & the Mediterranean on 23 Jan 41 AD (The Julio-Claudian Dynasty: Reign of Caligula), showing the following events: Parthian Civil Wars of 36–42; Principate of Caligula; Reign of Herod Agrippa; Caligula’s interference in Armenia; Caligula’s Commagene; Caligula’s Northern Campaign; Seizure of Mauretania.

R o m a n E m p i r e(Caligula)

Parthian
Empire(Gotarzes II)

F i n n o - U g r i c P e o p l e s

S a r m a t i a n s

Greater
Yuezhi
(Tokharistan)

Persis(Parth. client)

Mauretania(R. occ.)

Armenia(Parth. client)

Nabataea(R. client)

Africa
Proconsularis(R. sen.)

Lycia(R. client)

Iberia(R. client)

Pontus(R. client)

Emesa(R. client)

Albania(R. client)

Elymais(Parth. client)

Media
Atropatene(Parth. client)

Lusitania(R. imp.)

Bosporan K.(R. client)

Rhodes(R. client)

Galatia(R. imp.)

Adiabene(Parth. client)

Characene(Parth. client)

Macedonia(R. sen.)

Iazyges(R. client)

Quadi(R. client)

Marco-
manni(Quad. ctrl)

Cher.(R. client)

Herm-
unduri(R. client)

Lower
Illyricum(R. imp.)

Cappadocia(R. imp.)

Upper
Illyricum(R. imp.)

Noricum(R. imp.)

Achaea(R. sen.)

Sicily(R. sen.)

Belgica(R. imp.)

Aquitania(R. imp.)

Narbonensis(R. sen.)

Cilicia(R. imp.)

Cyprus(R. sen.)

Bithynia(R. sen.)

Baetica(R. sen.)

Lugdunensis(R. imp.)

Corsica
&
Sardinia(R. sen.)

Thrace(R. client)

Crete
&
Cyrenaica(R. sen.)

Cottii(R. client)

Tarraconensis(R. imp.)

Raetia(R. imp.)

Moesia(R. imp.)

L. Arm.(R. client)

Wielbark
culture

Araba(Parth. client)

Osroene(Parth. client)

Przeworsk
culture

Wusun(Ch. vas.)

Mogador(Maurt.)

Rhysaddir?(Maurt.)

Rutubis?(Maurt.)

Tylos(Parth. client)

36–42 ADParthia wracked by
series of civil wars

Mar 37–Jan 41 ADCaligula rules
Roman Empire

37–44 ADJewish kingdom
under Herod Agrippa

37 ADCaligula imprisons
Mithridates of Armenia

37–38? ADCaligula briefly
restores Commagene

Sep 39–May 40 ADCaligula leads
abortive invasion
of Britain

40–44 ADRomans seize
control of
Mauretania

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