Fighting in Korea reached a stalemate by the middle of 1951, with the front settling roughly where the border between the Koreas had been a year before. At the same time, Tibet accepted Chinese sovereignty. In September, Chinese troops moved in.
In Operations Thunderbolt, Killer, and Ripper, United Nations forces in Korea launched counteroffensives against the Chinese People’s Volunteer Army, pushing them back towards North Korea. On 14 March 1951, the UN recaptured Seoul—the fourth and last time the South Korean capital would change hands in the Korean War. Despite facing increasing Chinese counterattacks, they reached the 38th parallel twelve days later, after which the war settled into a stalemate.
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A Tibetan delegation to Beijing led by Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme signed the Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet with the People’s Republic of China (PRC), effectively affirming Chinese sovereignty over Tibet. The Tibetan government-in-exile would later repudiate the agreement on the grounds that the Tibetan delegation had not been authorized to sign any treaty and only did so under duress.
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Talks over an armistice to help end the Korean War started at Kaesong, a North Korean-occupied town near the front-line. After two weeks discussion, an agenda was agreed upon to discuss items such as a demarcation line and prisoners of war. However, negotiations would not resume until October, when they would move to the nearby village of Panmunjom.
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In accordance with the Seventeen Point Agreement, forces of the People’s Republic of China entered Lhasa, Tibet, on 9 September 1951 and Gyantse on 29 November. This initial occupation was largely peaceful and accepted by the young 14th Dalai Lama, the head of the Tibetan government and spiritual leader of Tibet.
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