the Arctic, 20 Oct 1818: Treaty of 1818
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U.S.A.
Russian Empire
R u p e r t ' s L a n d
(Br./HBC)
Greenland
(Den./KGH)
I n u i t
Chinese
Empire
Russian
America
(Rus./RAC)
D e n e
Newfoundland
(Br.)
Iceland
(Den.)
Norway
(to Swed.)
Sweden
Britain
France
(Allied pres.)
Spain
Japan
Inuit
Inuit
Inuit
Innu
Yupik
N o r t h - W e s t e r n
B r i t i s h A m e r i c a
(Br. unorg. terr.)
Oregon
Country
(US/Br. joint occ)
Nootka
(Br/Ru/Sp/US disp)
Prussia
N.B.
(Br.)
N.S.
(Br.)
Upper Canada
(Br.)
P.E.
(Br.)
Lower
Canada
(Br.)
Neth.
Inuit
Inuit
Aleutian
Islands
(Rus.)
Austria
Finland
(to Rus.)
Spitsbergen
(uninh.)
New
Siberian
Is.
(uninh.)
Chukchi
Cree
Cree
Tutchone
Kaska
Gwich'in
Athabaskans
Nganasan
Iron
Confederacy
Ainu
Ezochi
(Jap. dom.)
Tlingit
Haida
Sardinia
C.B.
(Br.)
Denmark
Jan Mayen
(uninh.)
St P&M
(Fr.)
Bear
(uninh.)
Faroe Is.
(Den.)
Avg max
ice cover
Feb/Mar
Avg max
ice cover
Aug/Sep
North
Pole
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